New Zealand Introduced A Tax Based Financing Health Care...

New Zealand introduced a tax-based financing health care system in 1947 (Cumming et al, 2013) and Singapore had a similar system after its independence in 1965 (Haseltine, 2013). Due to the increasing pressure on public spending in financing health care, both countries have introduced health care reforms since the 1970s to ease the pressure (Li, 2006). New Zealand has experienced a series of reforms which represented a major restructuring of the health system. The reforms have led to the creation of a devolved health care system that uses available health care resources efficiently (Cumming et al, 2013). In contrast, the Singaporean government overhauled the whole system by removing the tax-based financing system and adopted the medical savings account system called the Medisave in 1984 (Haseltine, 2013). Under the Medisave system, health care is mainly funded by private financing, which requires each person to make savings in an individual account just for health care spending. In both countries, health related policies are formulated by the Ministry of Health. It also supports the government in setting the health policy agenda, service requirements for the health system, and the annual publicly funded health budget. In New Zealand, the National Health Board has been established to provide advises to the Minister of Health and its responsibilities are for funding, monitoring and planning of the District Health Boards, stronger alignment of services, and supporting theShow MoreRelatedComvita4918 Words   |  20 PagesAccounting Report- Jessica Miller Prepare a report for an external user that interprets the annual report of a New Zealand reporting entity. 91407 By: J. Miller To: Lydia Paper: Accounting 91407, Annual report review Executive summary This report is prepared for Lydia who is considering purchasing shares in Comvita. 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Using Emotions to Build Advertisements - 955 Words

The need, purpose, and effectiveness in cooperating emotions in advertising has been looked at and studied for many years trying to find the most productive form of speaking to consumers. By assessing consumers and their responses to different types of emotional marketing, the value of emotions in advertising and the field of marketing can then be determined (Bagozzi, Gopinath, Nyer, 1999). In the following studies, emotions in ads and the psychological and emotions reactions of consumers are reviewed to see if emotions can further the productivity of the marketing industry (Rajecki Gerber, 2012). USING STUDIES TO SHOW EMOTIONS IN ADVERTISING/MARKETING Study #1 Studies in the past two decades has provided that there should be a scientific inquiry in the field on marketing (Ming-Hui, 2001). Psychology theories have been heavily adapting to marketing and trying to appeal to emotions of consumers. Although psychology is not regularly incorporated when developing ad campaigns, it can indeed enrich the campaign. In the study The Theory of Emotions in Marketing by Ming-Hui Huang, one of the main concerns of scientists is, do emotions have a legitimate place in the field of marketing? There are three characteristics of emotional marketing says Ming-Hui, that stress the need/existence of emotions in marketing (Ming-Hui, 2001). These characteristics are are: range of emotions, intensity of emotions, and positive/negative emotions (Ming-Hui, 2001). When studying the range ofShow MoreRelatedIs Crest Toothpaste Truly Complete? Essay774 Words   |  4 Pages Appeal is the key to the car of spending. Advertisers know, to be successful, they mu st be able to quickly grab an audience’s attention and promptly make their point to keep it. A good advertisement must also contain all three of Aristotle’s appeals; pathos, ethos and logos, in order to convey a message to the masses. 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Even more specifically, her audience is readers of Time Magazine, which is published in New York City, where the Marlboro ads are also conceived. This allows for her readers to share common ideas of the misrepresentations in advertisements. The broadness of the title allows for a much wider audience than if she had used a more specific title. For example, Ehrlich says, â€Å"But the men I see in these posters with their stern, humorless, loo ks remind me of no one I know here† (198).Read MoreRhetorical Analysis1044 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Rhetorical Analysis of the U.S Army Advertisement â€Å"Army Strong† Campaign Christina DoBynes DeVry University Rhetorical Analysis of the U.S Army Advertisement â€Å"Army Strong† Campaign When you see a solider in his or her uniform, you are proud that they are serving this country to protect our freedom, securing our country, and defending democracy worldwide. The solider can come from different branches of the Military. 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Management Accounting Manufacturing and Service

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting for Manufacturing and Service. Answer: Introduction: It is very important for both the manufacturing and service providing organization to compute the cost of goods or services accurately. Cost of any product or services is the base of the its selling price and it is used for ascertaining the profit of the organization. According to AASB 102, the cost of inventories should include cost of purchase, cost of conversion and other costs, related to the inventories (Hart et al. 2012). Hence, it is very necessary to identify the proper expenses and allocate in the appropriate cost units for calculating the cost of purchase, cost of conversion and other production related cost. For example, a manufacturing company uses to purchase lot of items, but it should include only the purchase of raw materials in the cost of purchase. Purchase of other indirect materials must be included in the other production related costs. Product costing system can be defined as the process of computing the cost of any product or service by allocating all the business expenses proportionately into total production cost. Thus, it helps to determine the cost of products in proper procedures as per the general concepts and the requirements of AASB. Purpose of Production Costing System:- Product costing system is not only adopted by the manufacturing units but also by service providing companies. It helps to determine the costs of both the product and services. Primarily, it seems that the only purpose of objective of the system is cost production cost determination. However, it helps the organization to fulfill other objectives also. The purposes or objectives of product costing systems can be classified into two groups Primary Objectives and Secondary Objectives. Primary Objectives: The primary objectives of production costing system can be stated as the basic reasons of implementing of production system method in any business firm. The primary objectives of production costing system are discussed below: Determination of Cost Selling Price: Product costing system is applied for determination of manufacturing cost of the products and services. As discussed above, production cost of any product or service is very essential for the business firms. Management cannot determine the proper selling prices of the product or service without accurate production cost and may lead to loss eventually (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Allocation of Expenses: Product costing method is used to allocate the expenses under proper overheads. There are many expenses, which are not related to the production of the manufacturing of the product or service, rendered. It should be noted the basic cost of the business firm is its production cost. If the production cost is calculated higher by incorporating unrelated expenses, then it will lead to either higher selling price or gross loss. Therefore, it is very important to incorporate only those expenses, which are actually incurred for the production. Moreover, AASB also requires that the production cost should be calculated on the basis of the production related expenses only. Thus, production cost can be used to identify the actual expenses, incurred for production purpose and can help the business to determine the different overhead expenses accurately (DRURY 2013). Ascertainment of Selling Price and Profits: As already stated above, production cost is base of selling price of any product or services. The business firms calculate the selling price by adding a certain percentage for profit and other non-production expenses on the production cost. For many firms, the selling price is determined on the basis of the competitors price or market price. In that case, through production cost helps the firm to ascertain the amount of profit. Moreover, as per the accounting methods, cost of production is used to calculate the gross profit by deducting the cost from the sales revenue. Gross profit is used further to ascertain the net profit of the firm. Apart from that, the gross profit is also used for various decision making purpose by the managers. Hence, it is not possible to determine the appropriate selling price or accurate profit without the production costing system. Secondary Objectives: Secondary objectives of the business firms for using the production cost system are related to management and decision making processes. Better Control: As production cost is one of the major expenses of the business firms, management always try to control it properly. Production costing system can help the management to control the product costs more effectively. It provides the details of various production related costs, through which the firm can identify the expenses, that should be controlled immediately (Horngren et al. 2013). Budget Preparation: The business firms maintain yearly or periodic budget for operating in more planned way. Production cost system can be proved to be very beneficial for preparing such budgets. The firms can obtain necessary information related to the various production related expenses through the system and forecast the future expenses accordingly. Increasing Efficiency Level: The business firm can use the production costing system for increasing the efficiency level of various production levels. Production costing system allocates the various production expenses under various overheads or departments on basis of the nature of the expenses. The firms can analyze the expenses of various overheads or departments and compare it with the respective output levels of the departments. Thus, it can determine efficiency levels of the different departments and implement proper control system to increase the efficiency level. As product costing system provides the necessary data for such control system, it indirectly helps to increase the efficiency levels of the various departments. Decision Making: Product costing system can provide many useful information to the management. The managers use the system to ascertain the various overhead expenditures. It can also be used for classifying the fixed expenses and variable expenses. Thus, it can be very helpful for calculating contribution margin and break even margin. Hence, by providing vital statistics, the product costing system helps the management in various decision-making process (Demski 2013). Preparation of Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured and Cost of Goods Sold. Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured- Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured is the statement that exhibits the total production cost of the produced goods. It is prepared for ascertaining the actual manufacturing cost of the product, manufactured for a certain period. The schedule includes various production related costs to compute the cost of goods manufactured and calculate it step-by-step. Primarily, the basic costs, required for any productions, are calculated by adding the amount of consumed direct material and direct labors, required for producing the products for a specified period. The total of direct material and direct labor is referred as prime cost. The prime cost is added with the factory overhead to determine the factory cost. Factory overhead includes various indirect expenses, related to production, and other factory related expenses. Production is a continuous process. Therefore, at the end of certain period, there are many materials, which use to be still in production or partly completed. Such uncompleted materials are considered as work-in-progress. The units in work-in-progress at the beginning of a period get fully completed during the certain production period. On the other hand, in the end of the period, there are some units, left uncompleted. Hence, as the cost of goods manufactured is calculated for the fully complete products, it is necessary to adjust the opening and closing amount of work-in-progress to determine how much amount is spent for completing the partly completed products. In the end, the cost of goods manufactured is determined by adjusting the net amount of work-in-progress with the factory cost. In the books of Seafarer Kayaks Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured Last Year Particulars Amount Amount Direct Material Consumed : Raw Material Purchase 120000 Add : Opening Balance of Raw Material 25000 145000 Less: Closing Balance of Raw Material 24000 121000 Direct Labor Costs : 35700 PRIME COST 156700 Factory Overhead: Indirect Labor Cost 15000 Factory Managers' Salary 12000 Factory Supplies 5000 Depreciation - Factory Building 6500 Depreciation - Factory Equipment 8900 Insurance Factory 5000 Repairs Maintenance - Factory 2500 Land Tax - Factory 2200 57100 FACTORY COST 213800 Opening Balance of Work-in-Progress 8000 Less: Closing Balance of Work-in-Progress 7500 500 COSTS OF GOODS MANUFACTURED 214300 Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold: Schedule of Costs of Goods Sold is prepared to calculate the total expenses, incurred for the sold units. It has been observed that in the end of any period, all the goods, produced are not sold completely and some units are left in the stock. Such unsold goods are referred as finished goods. Like cost of goods manufactured, it is very necessary to compute the cost of the total unit of goods sold. In the schedule of cost of goods manufactured, the total cost reflects the amount, incurred for the units, produced. As the gross profit is determined on the basis of the revenue, earned from sold goods and expenses, incurred for the sold goods, therefore, it is important to ascertain the cost of the units sold. The cost of goods sold is determined by the adjusting the opening balance of finished goods with its closing balance and the net balance is then added with the cost of goods manufactured. In the books of Seafarer Kayaks Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold Last Year Particulars Amount Amount COSTS OF GOODS MANUFACTURED 214300 Opening Balance of Finished Goods 12500 Less: Closing Balance of Finished Goods 13600 -1100 COST OF GOODS SOLD 213200 Cost of goods manufactured or cost of goods sold are the costs, which are directly or indirectly related with the production process of the product. Advertisement expenses are considered as marketing expenses, which is an indirect expense, incurred to increase the sales (Needles et al. 2013). Hence, it is not included in both the cost of goods manufactured and cost of goods sold. Moreover, Administrative (Sales) salaries, Depreciation of Sales Office, General Sales Liability Insurance, Sales Managers Salary and Travel and Entertainment (Sales) expense are directly or indirectly related to the sales activities, not with the production process. Hence, these expenses are also excluded from the schedules (Warren et al. 2013). Calculation of T-Accounts and Overhead: Completion of T-Accounts: Dr. Raw Material A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 1st July To, Balance b/f 25000 30th June By, Work-in-Progress A/c. 121000 To, Accounts Payable A/c. 120000 30th June By, Balance c/f 24000 145000 145000 Dr. Work-in-Progress A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 1st July To, Balance B/f 8000 By, Finished Goods A/c. 121500 To, Raw Materials A/c. 121000 30-Apr By, Balance C/f 7500 129000 129000 Dr. Finished Goods A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 1st July To, Balance B/f 12500 By, Cost of Goods Sold A/c. 120400 To, Work-in-Progress A/c. 121500 30th June By, Balance C/f 13600 134000 134000 Dr. iii) Manufacturing Overhead A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 30th June To Bank A/c. 57100 By, Cost of Goods Sold A/c. 57100 57100 57100 Dr. Accounts Payable A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Date Particulars Amount 30-Apr To, Bank A/c. 1st July By, Balance B/f 20000 By, Raw Material A/c. 120000 30th June By, Balance C/f 140000 Dr. Cost of Goods Sold A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 30th June To Finished Goods A/c. 120400 To Direct Labor Cost A/c. 35700 To, Manufacturing Overhead A/c. 57100 30th June By, Income Statement 213200 213200 213200 Applied Overhead and Actual Overhead: Over / Under Valuation of Overhead:- Direct Labor Hours Direct Labor Hours Total Overhead Cost Predetermined Overhead 850 $63 $53,550 Actual Overhead $57,100 Under Applied Overhead Rate ($3,550) Journal Entry for Under-Applied Overhead: Cost of Goods Sold A/c..Dr. $3550 To, Manufacturing Overhead A/c. $3550 Reasons Entries for Over and Under Applied Overhead: The business firms use to maintain prepare budgets for the future costs and outputs for better production process and control over the production levels. It has been observed that in many cases the amount of actual overhead expenses differ with the budgeted amounts (Needles and Crosson 2013). The differences between the actual and budgeted overhead are categorized into two segments. When the actual overhead becomes higher than the budgeted amount, it is considered as under applied overhead. On the other hand, if the actual overhead remains lower the budgeted amount, then it is described as over applied overhead. The reasons for such differences are discussed below: Increase or decrease of actual output level Increase or decrease of actual consumption units of various cost factors, such as material, labor, energy etc. Increase or decrease of actual per unit costs of the cost factors (Maher et al. 2012) Inefficient manufacturing process, which leads to over consumption of various elements Manufacturing outputs more efficiently, which reduce the consumption level of various elements Strong budgetary control Implementation of advanced technology (Weygandt et al. 2015) The journal entries for eliminating the differences are shown below:- For under applied overhead: Cost of Goods Sold A/c..Dr. To, Manufacturing Overhead A/c. For over applied overhead: Manufacturing Overhead A/c.Dr. To, Cost of Goods Sold A/c. (Needles et al. 2013) Importance of Standard Costing System: Standard costing system is a popular costing process for implementing proper budgetary control over the production process. In this method, the opening balances of direct material, direct labor and manufacturing overhead are calculated on the basis of expected standard rates and expected standard consumption units (Drury 2013). The budgeted balances are then adjusted with the actual expenses, incurred for the cost elements. If any variance occurs between the actual and budgeted amount, the management gets aware of the situation immediately and can take proper measures for it (Ward 2012). When the actual amount becomes lower than the budgeted amount, it is considered as favorable variance and for vice versa, the variance is treated as adverse variance. The owners and managers of Seafarer Kayaks can enjoy the following benefits by implementing Standard Costing system for their production process:- Strong budgetary control over the cost elements Reconciling the actual expense with the budgeted expense in the record entry stage Identifying the reasons of variances not at the end of any financial period but within the period Implementing corrective measures at early stage of operation (Collier 2015) Conclusion: It is quite clear from the above discussion that in modern time, it is very important to maintain a proper product costing method. It not only provides the management to determine the cost of the products or services, but also helps in various decision-making processes. Therefore, the owners of Seafarer Kayaks should implement proper costing methods for continuing its manufacturing operations more efficiently. References: Collier, P.M., 2015.Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons Demski, J., 2013.Managerial uses of accounting information. Springer Science Business Media Drury, C., 2013.Costing: an introduction. Springer DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springe Hart, J., Wilson, C. and Fergus, C., 2012.Management Accounting: Principles Applications. Pearson Higher Education AU Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning Maher, M.W., Stickney, C.P. and Weil, R.L., 2012.Managerial accounting: An introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning Needles, B.E. and Crosson, S.V., 2013.Managerial accounting. Nelson Education Needles, B.E., Powers, M. and Crosson, S.V., 2013.Financial and managerial accounting. Nelson Education. Needles, B.E., Powers, M. and Crosson, S.V., 2013.Principles of accounting. Cengage Learning Ward, K., 2012.Strategic management accounting. Routledge Warren, C.S., Reeve, J.M. and Duchac, J., 2013.Financial managerial accounting. Cengage Learning Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons. Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured.

The Breakfast Club Essay Example

The Breakfast Club Paper This movie is undoubtedly the spitting image of high school today. It is amazing how the themes and actions back in the 80s are still well and alive in 2009. I guess teenagers just havent changed that much over the past 25 years. People still act the same way and treat people the same way. Kids still get teased and the preppies still rule the schools along with the jocks. Nerds are still getting picked on and the freaks are still eating lunch by themselves. It is quite funny how nothing has changed over the past 25 years. Yet, no one is too eager to try and change that. That is basically what this movie portrays, a group of teenagers that are forced into spending the day together in the school library. What could possibly go wrong? Back in the 80s, teenagers were very much into things like drinking, drugs, and sex. Nothing has changed since then. There are still the exact same cliques with the same type of people that partake in illegal activities. This movie, somehow, captures the whole aspect of a teenage life within 2 hours. It is amazing how the director could do that with a certain budget and time limit. Although it may seem easy to write a movie about teenagers, we are very complex at heart. The Breakfast Club is about a group of 5 teenagers, 1 jock, 1 prep. , 1 nerd, 1 freak, and 1 hooligan that are forced into spending the entire day in the school library because of certain things they decided to do. Youd think this would get out of hand within minutes. But, after a few fights and arguments, they just might surprise you near the end of the movie. Now, every teenagers worst nightmare is a horrible principal that wont get off your tail. Well this principal is everyones worst nightmare. We will write a custom essay sample on The Breakfast Club specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Breakfast Club specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Breakfast Club specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hes a bully at heart and a determined one at that. He has his mind set on getting everyone to like him. Even if that means knocking a few heads together. Its the weekend, and five students have weekend detention. Theres a jock, a princess, a freak, a nerd, and a hooligan. Not much in common, except for having to give up their day, sit in the school library, and write an essay for the principal. Being from such widely different backgrounds and having such completely different personalities, its obvious that some frictions and shenanigans will develop, especially when the principal leaves the room. The students pass the hours in a variety of ways: they dance, harass each other, tell stories, fight, smoke marijuana, and talk about many different things. They even open up to each other at certain points in the movie with some of their inner secrets (for example, Allison is a compulsive liar and Brian and Claire are ashamed of their virginity). They also discover that they all have wrecked relationships with their parents. However, besides these developing friendships, the students are afraid that once detention is over they will go back to living their normal lives and forget about the day the spent together.